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The Windsor chair is known and loved far and wide, from its namesake town in England to the United States. This iconic chair represents all there is to love about antique furniture - from its rich history down to the simple, sturdy joinery that has allowed so many to survive.
A potted history
Windsor has not strayed far from our thoughts over the last month. The market town is on the River Thames just West of London and home to Windsor Castle, a royal residence and the final resting place of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II.
It’s generally accepted that the first Windsor chairs were made in the Thames Valley in the 1720s, and High Wycombe was actually the main producer. Windsor was the all-important trading ground for transferring the chairs to London, so it soon adopted the name Windsor chair.
While we usually picture a Windsor at the dining table or in front of the fire, it actually started life as an outdoor chair. The 18th Century brought immense change for the English landscape garden, marking a departure from the formal style of the 17th Century. The garden was suddenly more relaxed and leisure-orientated, a place to take tea or play a lawn game.
This prompted a need for garden furniture that was sturdy but light enough to move around, and from there came the Windsor chair. Originally, these chairs sported a coat of green paint to blend in with their outdoor setting. As the style grew popular, a distinction arose between painted chairs for outdoor use and stained versions for indoor use - with the latter more familiar to us today.
Joinery
The Windsor chair is as much defined by its construction as it is by its aesthetic. They were sometimes called ‘wedge’ chairs because of the wedge joinery that secured the legs and uprights into the seats.
Put simply, a wedge-tenon is a mortise-and-tenon joint without the glue. Instead of glue, small pieces of timber cut at an angle - the ‘wedges’ - secure the two parts together. It is a friction joint that relies on minimising any possible movement between the different parts. The survival of so many original Windsor chairs today testifies to the strength of this simple joinery.
Materials
Local workshops made use of the native woods that were abundantly available to them to make these common chairs. For instance, beech was plentiful in the hills surrounding High Wycombe, so this material usually formed some part of the chair. As steam-bending increased the popularity of curved backrests, yew and ash were chosen for their pliable nature.
Furniture makers often favoured elm to form the seat. They couldn’t rely on adhesives to join seats, so they had to use one solid piece of timber. Elm, a sturdy hardwood, fit the bill because of its firm yet malleable nature; the latter important for creating the saddle seat design.
Regional variations and evolution
The Windsor style inevitably spread far beyond the west of London. It migrated northwards, with prolific workshops in Nottingham and Yorkshire amongst other counties. Part of the charm of regional furniture is the variations that arise from local influences, with a gentle competitive spirit driving a need to stand out.
The backrest offered a canvas for creativity. Firstly, different regions and workshops had different preferences when it came to the overall shape of the backrest. As a result, you find hoop-backs, comb-backs, bow-backs, high and low backs, and everything in between.
The central back splat presented the opportunity to stand out and show off expert furniture-making techniques. Fretwork could be simple or elaborate, depending on the maker, and splats depicting a carved wheel were particularly popular throughout the Windsor's heyday.
Royal emblems
This humble chair would sometimes reflect national developments, too, as was the case with the Prince of Wales feathers.
You will occasionally come across Windsor chairs where the central splat bears these feathers - the heraldic badge of the Prince of Wales - in fretwork. While a long-standing emblem of the heir to the throne, it had particular resonance in the late 18th Century.
The Prince of Wales became Prince Regent in 1787 due to the declining health of his father, King George III. As the youth entered the national spotlight, furniture offered ordinary people the chance to recognise the monarchy in their own homes.
Look at the legs
When it comes to Windsor chair legs, two main styles align with national furniture trends at the time. 18th Century examples tend to feature stately cabriole legs, their graceful curve accompanied by equally elegant stretchers, which became popular under Queen Anne.
Moving into the 19th Century, furniture-makers favoured turned legs accompanied by turned stretchers. ‘Bodgers' were responsible for turning the timber to produce legs, stretchers and spindles for Windsor chairs. So valuable was their craft, bodgers had their own concentration of workshops in the Chiltern hills.
Legacy
While production slowed after the 19th Century, the Windsor chair has lived on in countless guises ever since.
Ercol put their distinctive stamp on the style in the Mid-20th Century, launching their own Windsor chair made with wedge-tenon joinery. Mid Century versions tend to be sleeker and more refined, yet the basic concepts of a saddle seat and decorative open back remain in almost all of them.
Modern manufacturers continue to emulate and draw upon this rich design history, demonstrating the timeless appeal of simple, well-made furniture. We’re not sure you can beat an original though…
A Windsor for every occasion
There are Windsor chairs to suit every room of the home and serve every purpose. You might choose stately examples with armrests and proud legs for a fireside chair, and simple hoop-backed chairs for dining. There are children's Windsors, captain's Windsors, and rocking Windsors.
When it comes to sets, don’t be afraid to mix and match Windsors for a more eclectic look. They will share a simple vernacular aesthetic and the strength of solid wood - the quirky variations are very much part of their charm.
Browse our collection of Windsor chairs here.
There is no denying that antiques elevate our interiors in more ways than one. They connect us to the past and create unique spaces full of character. The often forgotten but equally important point is just how sustainable antiques are.
The fast furniture crisis
We spend a lot of time showing off our beautiful antiques here at Lorfords and too little time sharing how good for the planet they are. This may seem like an obvious statement, as antiques are in essence sustainable. And yet, in an age of climate consciousness around food, clothes and single-use plastic, the fast furniture crisis is on the backburner.
This doesn’t mean the crisis is not there, nor that it hasn't been exposed. A study commissioned by Antiques are Green found that a new piece of furniture lasts for an average of 15 years. Meanwhile, an antique piece of furniture is resold once every 30 years. This study concludes that the environmental impact of an antique piece is six times less than that of a new piece of furniture. Stark statistics indeed.
What is fuelling this crisis? Throwaway culture has become the norm. In 2019, the North London Waste Authority found that 22 million pieces of furniture are binned in the UK each year, with much of that going straight to landfill. Super low prices and the flatpack revolution have simply made it too easy for us. We’re on a conveyor belt of buying a piece of furniture, getting bored of it or it breaks, throwing it away and then buying another to replace it.
Conscious interior design
It’s not all bad though. A younger generation, the same age group we have labelled the ‘flatpack generation’ in years past, are waking up when it comes to their interiors. This is partly because they want to live an eco-friendly life and understand that fast furniture has a big impact on their carbon footprint.
But it is also because they are seeking soulful interiors – and the same can increasingly be said for all of us. The fast furniture culture resulted from modern living demands, the rent revolution and constantly changing fashions. The result was minimalist, functional… uniform.
The theory that such interiors aid our busy lives started to show cracks in lockdown. The Marie Kondo approach felt stark when our homes acted as a permanent base and refuge. This generation is seeking interiors with personality, character and soul. They want novel furniture and decorative pieces that provide a talking point. Our interiors are a reflection of us, so looking the same as everyone else isn’t cutting it anymore.
Why are antiques sustainable?
Antiques create more sustainable interiors - that's a fact. But why, exactly?
By definition
Antiques are one of the most forgotten forms of recycling, and yet one of the most obvious. To classify as an antique proper, an object must have survived for over 100 years. This is no mean feat and often a credit to the original craftsmanship. We already mentioned the statistic that antiques are resold every 30 years on average. They were crafted to last and be passed down through generations and that trend continues today.
Through materials and craft
Before the industrial revolution, cabinet-makers did everything by hand with a limited range of tools and techniques to hand. There was no MDF, nor any laminated chipboard.
Makers had to be invested in their product; if a piece fell apart after a few weeks, they would be the talk of their community – and not in a good way. There was a personal responsibility for good craftsmanship, a sense of ownership. It can feel like eco-consciousness is a relatively new development, but this is not the case. Back in the 19th Century individuals were striving to counteract the excess and waste of the industrial revolution.
One such pioneer was William Morris. His enduring mantra ‘have nothing in your home you do not believe to be beautiful or know to be useful,’ is more relevant than ever. The Arts & Crafts movement put moral responsibility back into furniture and interior design. Ernest Gimson made his Windsor chairs from ash, beech and elm sourced from local woodland. Given the fact that antique Windsor chairs are still very popular today, it is hard to get more sustainable than that.
It wasn’t just wooden furniture, either. Bamboo and rattan, both rapidly renewing plants, boomed from the Mid Century onwards. Leading designers of the age transformed them into stylish wicker furniture and homeware. Sustainable production certainly didn’t sacrifice style then, and it doesn’t now.
Through timeless appeal
Antiques are not bound by style, however. They are sustainable because they are not subject to the whims of fashion. Modern furniture companies jump on emerging trends and overhaul their collections when they are no longer fashionable. Antique and vintage designs, on the other hand, have a very enduring appeal. Take the iconic Chesterfield sofa, for example. Since its conception in mid 18th Century, the mighty button back has never been considered passé.
Likewise, a 17th Century oak refectory table has survived for over 300 years and lived to tell the tale. Such a piece may have characterful grooves and a deep aged patina, but its solid construction means it will likely go on for hundreds more. Aside from anything else, these are investment pieces. An antique dining table will serve you and probably your children and grandchildren too. It won't ask for much in return other than an occasional polish or reinforcement. A small price to pay, we think.
You need only flick through this month’s interiors magazines to see that we are moving in the right direction. Ethical sourcing and a ‘period meets contemporary' aesthetic are top of the agenda for an increasing number of interior designers. This sway is not only good for the planet, but for the end result. When you hire an interior designer, you don’t want them to present you with something akin to a department store showroom. You want something layered and lived in; this is what antiques provide in spades.
Making antiques work for you
For some, antiques feel too special, too majestic, for their lifestyle. But respecting antiques doesn't mean having no relationship with them. You can still be careful whilst making bold choices. We are seeing something of a ‘recovering revolution,’ whereby contemporary fabrics breathe new life into period pieces. This is a great way to adapt antiques to your taste. You might love the imposing proportions and design of a Victorian armchair, but the faded and dated covering? Not so much.
Part of the reason for the current throwaway culture is our reluctance to put a bit of work in. Less than 1 in 10 people are willing to repair an item to extend its life – a fact I’m sure would horrify our ancestors. Restoration and upcycling are not only satisfying, but they also connect you to your interiors in a personal way. If DIY is not for you, many talented experts are on hand to help. Read some tips for the amateur restorer from our in-house professional Dave.
The truth is there is a vast spectrum of antique and vintage pieces out there. Our collection offers something for every soul, from traditional Georgian furniture to cool vintage memorabilia. Not only are our pieces an antidote for flat interiors, but they are also an ethical choice. The best thing? There is no flatpack assembly involved.
Get inspired with our latest lookbook, 'The conscious interior.'
At the start of 2021, Lorfords Contemporary launched its first collaborative collection with the renowned interior design company Turner Pocock.
This relationship, however, goes back much further. Toby Lorford has worked with Bunny Turner and Emma Pocock for years with fantastic results. Their combined expertise has allowed them to design and craft bespoke furniture to meet a range of client desires.
This meeting of creative minds has culminated in a wonderful collection of upholstered furniture. The Turner Pocock x Lorfords Contemporary collection offers immaculate design and superior comfort. The pieces combine Turner Pocock’s signature aesthetic with Lorfords’ expertise in traditional luxury furniture.
Quintessential English upholstery
As interior design increasingly blurs the boundaries between town and country, traditional and contemporary, this new collection offers the very best of all worlds. Each piece reflects a lengthy product development process and the end result is a refined take on British luxury furniture.
Turner Pocock’s unique approach brings delicate details and precise lines to this collection. Meanwhile, Lorfords Contemporary offers their expert understanding of English upholstery. Each piece reflects the time-honoured techniques behind it and prioritises excellent quality. These methods include hand-tied springs, meticulous stitching, and luscious feather-and-down cushioning. This handmade approach means that you can treasure Lorfords' pieces for years to come.
Lorfords Contemporary are always reassessing how to incorporate new sustainable materials whilst preserving traditional upholstery techniques. Using only high-quality materials and supporting the local economy are top priorities. The frame of each piece is made from locally grown beech or oak, whilst the brass castors are crafted in Devon.
"Sustainable luxury has always been fundamental to my vision for Lorfords Contemporary. I have long been an admirer of Turner Pocock’s unique aesthetic which interprets contemporary designs with a resolute determination to ensure they maintain the level of luxury and comfort of a timeless classic. It has been inspiring (and a lot of fun!) to work together to create this collection." Toby Lorford
Some of our favourite pieces...
TP Modern Sofa
This large contemporary sofa will take pride of place in any sitting room with its luxurious, deeply cushioned seat and back.
TP End of Bed Bench
Modern design and traditional upholstery processes inform this versatile bench. The refined frame detailing is complemented by a hand-stitched cushion, finished with an understated decorative banding around the base.
TP Ottoman with Skirt
Elegant and beautifully crafted ottoman, with turned oak legs and finished with a simple flat skirt. Hand-stitching throughout the top surface is detailed and functional. This piece embraces the style and ethos of traditional upholstery.
Shop the full collection at lorfords.com. Find out more about Bunny Turner and Emma Pocock in our Q&A.
Gustavian style flourished in Sweden during the 18th Century. Inspired by the neoclassical French style, Sweden became major players in Europe’s age of elegance.
Gustavian enlightenment
When discussing Gustavian design, the individual behind the name matters. King Gustav III reigned from 1772 to 1792 and oversaw and encouraged the flourishing of the arts.
The King was shot at a masquerade ball in 1792 and died a short while later. This event inspired Verdi’s opera Un Ballo in Maschera.
Although he was loved by some and hated by others, King Gustav’s role in the Swedish Enlightenment is clear. He was an educated and cultured man who welcomed artists and writers to court. Despite the pressures he faced at home and abroad, his reign saw huge advancements in art, literature and design.
Marriage of design
Gustavian design fuses foreign influence with long-standing Scandinavian ideals.
In France, Louis XVI reigned during one of the most significant periods of French furniture design. His style was more refined than his predecessors, but maintained the opulence and grandeur. King Gustav spent a crucial period of time in Paris and at the royal palace in Versailles. This experience left him determined to make Stockholm the ‘Paris of the North.’
Today, Swedish design is generally associated with minimalism and muted colours. Much of Gustavian style did display these trends, but period pieces can actually be very splendid.
The entertainment rooms in palaces and noble houses during this period were full of gilded furniture and grand mirrors. At a glance, you might be in a French 18th Century palace.
Classical discovery
Across Europe, design was influenced by the discovery of Pompeii and Herculaneum in the early 18th Century. Artistic concepts were completely overhauled by the exposure of this clean-lined elegance.
At Stockholm Palace, you can view King Gustav’s Museum of Antiquities to get a sense of his fascination with the classical. The museum displays a large collection of sculptures which the King brought back from his ‘grand tour’ around Italy.
The Pompeian style is evident in Gustav’s Pavilion at Haga Park. The interiors of the Pavilion feature marble columns and rich detail. King Gustav commissioned Louis Masreliez for the design, who went on to define the style of the period.
The impact of neoclassicism is clear in Gustavian furniture. The pieces are architectural in form and display symmetry, columns and carved detailing. The classical inspired Swedish furniture's trademark restraint, as it moved on from the elaborate rococo period.
The Swedish touch
Despite all of these influences, Swedish style is inherently… well, Swedish.
French 18th Century design had a huge impact on King Gustav, but the Gustavian interpretation was more refined. In fact, Gustavian furniture is a loyal tribute to Swedish ideals.
Swedish winters are long and dark, which still shapes their interior design to this day. The priority has always been to bring light into rooms, through pastel colour palettes, giltwood and plenty of mirrors.
Although the décor in palaces and noble houses was grand, Gustavian style became more homespun as it spread throughout Sweden. Often the carved frames of chairs and sofas were left exposed and the furniture was painted. Local woods were used such as oak, beech and pine.
Although Gustavian designs were simple, they were well-executed and designed for their purpose. Function was a priority and lots of corner cabinets and console tables emerged.
Shape and detail helps to identify the Gustavian: bonnet topped cupboards; barrel-backed chairs; fluted legs and carved decoration to name a few. Some of the most distinctive carved motifs are guilloche (woven circles), rosettes and scallop detailing.
Gustavian interiors
So, why does this style have such a profound influence?
Even the most modern furniture store, IKEA, draws upon its Gustavian heritage. Interior designers constantly source antique and reproduction Gustavian pieces to transform homes with Swedish style.
The most obvious reason is that Gustavian furniture is easy to live with. It is equally suited to a grand London townhouse, a country cottage, a chalet or a villa. Curved lines and carved motifs make these pieces decorative, but the silhouettes and paintwork are simple.
There is also a certain magical quality to Gustavian period and style pieces. Furniture with its original paint gives a lovely fairy-tale finish, especially in a muted colour palette. It's feminine, but not overtly so. Gustavian pieces were often fairly small and mobile and they were meant to accentuate a space, not dominate it. This is a versatile style as a result, whether it's used in small doses or as an entire decorative scheme.
No Gustavian interior is complete without the iconic Swedish Mora clock, which is a piece as rich in history as it is beautiful. Mora clocks are a testament to community craftsmanship. In the early 18th Century, the town of Mora suffered a bad drought and many people fled to Stockholm. Here they would learn new skills and trades, including clock-making.
Upon their return to Mora, a local industry started as families worked together to manufacture these iconic clocks. Mora clocks radiate the quiet peace and grandeur of Gustavian style and have a beautifully rounded shape. A Swedish Mora Clock is often the finishing touch in a Gustavian inspired setting.
Lorfords and Gustavian
Gustavian furniture has a valuable place at Lorfords and Swedish pieces are always coming through our doors.
Browse Gustavian daybeds, sofas, chairs, Mora clocks and other antiques on our website or come and see them in person.
Our two hangars at Babdown Airfield and showroom in Tetbury give Gustavian pieces the space and context they need to do them justice.
Visit our lookbook, ‘Swedish Enlightenment,’ to view our selection of Gustavian furniture.